Law of Supply and Demand | Entry Barriers

Law of Supply and Demand | Entry Barriers The Economic Environment and Anatomy of Business Law of Supply and Demand Headline: Nexus 6 sold out: Google Play Store will have more in stock every Wednesday URL: http://www.techtimes.com/articles/19568/20141105/nexus-6-in-stock-every-wednesday-and-within-minutes-google-phablet-completely-sold-out-again.htm The first economic phenomenon that we are going to look at is the law of supply and demand. In its raw form it states that if the demand for certain product is higher than its availability (supply) then the price for that product goes up and if the vice versa is present then it decreases (Baye, 2010). A current example of this is the lightning fast selling of Google’s latest flagship smartphone Nexus 6. Upon its release in the Google Play Online store, the first shipment was sold out within minutes. After that, when the second shipment arrived, the same situation repeated. This is a clear indicator that the demand of Nexus 6 was way higher than the actual supply. The reasons for such a high demand can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, Google’s Nexus 6 came with the new Android operating system version 5.0 (Code name Lollipop), being the only phone on the market that supports it. Secondly, the price of Nexus 6 was (and currently is) relatively lower than its competitor‘s – it is cheaper than Apple’s IPhone 6, 6Plus and Sony’s Xperia Z3 (Luke Johnson, 7 November, 2014), and approximately same priced as Samsung’s Galaxy S5. This gives an extra layer of appeal to buyers and combined with its high quality, the reason behind the extremely high demand of the Google’s smart phone is justified. The graph below illustrates an example of the current supply and demand of Google’s Nexus 6: We mark the current price level of Nexus 6 with P1, the current quantity that Google can supply with Qs and the current quantity that is demanded with Qd. P* and Q* are our equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity respectively. Setting a lower price for the smartphone compared to the competitor’s and offering the exclusivity of the new Android operating system, has made the demand for the product extremely high. On one hand, this is good indicator, however, in this case Google could not provide an adequate amount of supply to the market. Those two factors led the company to an excess of demand. Assuming, the basic principles of the law of supply and demand are functioning, the rivalry between customers, who want to buy the modern smartphone, will push the price up to the equilibrium point. That point represents the place, where the demand from customers and the supply from Google, meet and form an equilibrium (supplied quantity is equal to the demanded one or our equilibrium price and quantity, conforms). Naturally, another scenario may occur – the demand for Nexus 6 might eventually drop as a result of oversaturation of the market with smartphones from the same class, adoption of the Android 5.0 OS by rival firms (it is predicted that this will happen by the end of 2014 (James Rogerson, Matthew Hanson, October 2014) due to the fact that the Android OS is open-source) or a drop in prices of competitor’s phone offers. In case this happens, the equilibrium point will be achieved at a significantly lower price compared to the first scenario. To summarize, in the base of every modern economy stands the law of supply and demand and it dictates its basic behavior. Companies such as Google and its Nexus 6 smartphone, visualize the stated law perfectly with its clear excess of demand. Entry Barriers Headline: Latest OS share data shows Windows still dominating in PCs URL: http://www.zdnet.com/latest-os-share-data-shows-windows-still-dominating-in-pcs-7000013351/ The second economic mechanism that we are going to focus on is that of entry briers. Entry barriers or barriers of entry by definition are blockades set on a specific market that make it difficult for new firms to enter. The reason of their formation can be due to government laws and regulations (this creates governmental monopolies), to a large company that is taking advantage of economies of scale, to brand loyalty, geographical barriers (the mining industry), high switching costs, sunk costs, high cost for research and development or to patents (Sullivan, A; Steven, M. S., 2003, p.153).. An excellent example for entry barriers is the market of desktop operating systems, which currently is occupied by Microsoft. Since its founding in 1975 the company has walked a long way from a simple garage firm to a global computer giant that, at the present moment, has a monopolistic position on the desktop OS market with more the 90% of it belonging to the Windows operating system (OS) (â€Å"Desktop Operating System Market Share†, 2014). With the recent announcement of the newest member of the Windows family – Windows 10, Microsoft aims to strengthen even more its position and along with that to keep the status quo. Hence, any other company, which wants to enter the market and successfully compete with Microsoft, needs to make a huge investment. Several reasons lie behind that: there is a significant market loyalty to the Windows OS, the know-how for making an OS with such proportions is concentrated within the company and the brand itself is highly recognizable. A ll those factors are barriers for the other companies to enter the market and in order to compete efficiently, they have to apply a lot of effort to popularize their new brand. Moreover, Microsoft has many patents in the software sector, which restrict major part of the information accesses for the rival firms. Furthermore, the switching costs (the cost for switching from one product to another) for a company, which uses the Windows OS, are significantly high. They consist of expenses for buying the new OS, integrating it and teaching its employees to use it and generally such migration will not be undertaken/ launched lightly or even at all. Entry barriers do not always have a positive effect on the market due to the fact they stimulates the creation of a monopolies in a specific sector, which may lead to unreasonably high prices and low quality. This stems from the lack of competitors able to challenge both price and quality of the products offered to the public. With Microsoft, this is not the case, but the probability is always there. To summarize, the barriers of entry are an efficient way for a firm to restrict access to a market segment and generate maximum profit.Microsoft’s monopolistic position in the sector of desktop operating systems is largely attributed to the various imposed entry barriers, which have assured their future dominant position on the market. Economies of Scale and Economics of a Scope Headline: Facebook Has Spent $22 Billion on Acquisitions. URL: http://mashable.com/2014/05/30/facebook-acquisitions/ Thirdly, we are going to look at the following economic concepts economies of a scale and economics of a scope. Economies of a scale is a way for a company to reduce the average cost of its products by distributing the fixed costs onto a larger amount of production (Baye, 2010, p. 185 186). Normally, this is done by increasing the size of the company (growing horizontally – expanding in the current market segment). Economies of a scope, on the other hand, is achieved by expanding the company in other market sectors, where its current know-how can help to produce goods at a relatively lower prices then it normally would do (Baye, 2010, p. 187). Facebook is a company that applies simultaneously both economies of a scale and scope. Since its founding in 2004, the company has spent roughly 22 billion dollars for the goal of acquiring other businesses that range from small companies focused on web or mobile development, through startups that have an astonishing growth rate (WhatsApp), to innovators that are promising to bring a whole new experience to their users (Oculus Rift). Buying small and medium sized companies that can be directly integrated into the development process of Facebook, is clear example of economies of a scale. By doing that, the company is reducing its fixed costs by spreading them onto a larger amount of users. Another benefit from this is the company’s employees specialization into a specific field (social media) and along with that they become more efficient, which increases the general productivity and reduce costs. Another aspect of Facebook’s policy is that of acquiring companies in sectors related to social media. A good example of that is the Oculus Rift deal that happened in the beginning of 2014. Through buying the company, Facebook can combine the virtual reality technology provided form Oculus Rift with its know-how of brining real life social experience, online and the result will be a totally new way that we experience the web. This implies that the Social Media giant will be able to reduce its total cost in the view that it already has experience in the field of software development and social media. Developing applications for the new virtual reality platform or developing the platform itself will be less expensive than for other companies that do not have such experience. Avoidlessly, economies of scale and scope come at a price. Larger firms often experience problems such as miscommunication between its separate parts, difficulties in coordination and their owners loose part of the control over the company due to the necessity to delegate part of their responsibilities to managers, hence they may not always make the most adequate decisions for the best of the company. In conclusion, by using economies of a scale and scope companies such as Facebook can significantly reduce their total costs, optimize productivity and increase production power. Price discrimination Headline: GitHub announces free developer tools for students URL: http://thenextweb.com/insider/2014/10/07/github-announces-free-developer-tools-students/ The last economic concept that we are going to look at is price discrimination. In its core, price discrimination is a type of pricing strategy, in which the same or largely similar products are sold at different prices depending on various factors. There are several degrees of price differentiation first, second and third, in addition to that, diverse combinations among them can be formed. Typical for the first degree is that a monopolistic company charges the absolute maximum price (reservation price) for its goods or services (perfect price discrimination). The second degree is closely related to quantity demand the larger it is, the lower the prices are (it does not depend on customer’s personality). Conversely, third degree price discrimination can be based on a specific market group (students, teachers, workers etc.), on geographical location or even more in some cases on a specific customer, but not on quantity (Cabral, 2014). A good example of price discrimination, is the recent release of free developer packages from GitHub for people belonging to educational sector students, teachers, administrative staff and researchers, which include waiving of subscription taxes for a private GitHub account and free educational software (third degree discrimination). By taking this step, GitHub attracts more people form the target sector. For instance, students overall have more restricted incomes, making them more price sensitive to changes and the demand they form, relatively elastic (from the graphic bellow: changes in price from P1 to P2 are met with significantly greater change in demanded quantity – Q1 to Q2). In other words, small price changes can have a great impact on the total demand of a certain item. Similarly, GitHub offers the same packages for teachers – which allows them to better educate their students and hence produce a better qualified future workers for the market, benefiting the economy as a whole. Despite the fact that those packages are now free, in long term they can bring more clients and create customer loyalty, which will result positively on the company’s revenue. Moreover, this price discrimination tactic has a beneficial influence on the whole software development sector due to the fact it provides free access to private accounts and free development tools. This contributes to students to develop their ideas, which can eventually grow in startups a effect on the economy. However, attempts for reselling the software provided within the free packages can occur and in order to prevent this the company has taken measures. For students to request such an account, they need to provide their unique university email or school ID as a proof. Teachers and researchers on the other hand need to present a â€Å"proof of affiliation†* in order to install the software on their computers. Providing proof of affiliation is a way of verifying the involvement the academic status. Such packages are allowed per person/ an email account and in addition to that most of the software is licensed under conditions that permit its usage only for academic purposes and any other attempts are punishable by international law. Undoubtedly, ways around such rules exist but generally speaking the company is relatively safe against reselling of their products. To conclude, price discrimination is an efficient way for companies to specifically tailor their products for a particular group of customers. Being one of those companies, GitHub combines the benefits from that, with the opportunity to stimulate the academic process around the world. References: BAYE, M. R. (2009) Managerial economics and business strategy – 7th edition, New York, McGraw-Hill/Irwin CABRAL, L. M. B. (March 10, 2014) Introduction to Industrial Organization – 2th edition, Price Discrimination Sullivan, A; Steven, M. S. (2003). Economics: Principles in action, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-063085-3. Desktop Operating System Market Share (October 2014) (online). Available from:  http://www.netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx?qprid=10qpcustomd=0 (Last Accessed 14/11/2014) James Rogerson, Matthew Hanson (13 November, 2014) (online). Android Lollipop 5.0 update: when can I get it? Available from:  http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/android-l-5-0-release-date-when-can-i-get-it1257804 (Last Accessed 15/11/2014) Luke Johnson (7 November, 2014) (online). Nexus 6 release date, rumors, news, specs and price round-up. Available from:  http://www.trustedreviews.com/news/nexus-6-release-date-rumours-news-specs-and-price (Last Accessed 15/11/2014) Social Work: Assessment, Plan, Implementation and Evaluation Social Work: Assessment, Plan, Implementation and Evaluation What is a social work assessment, plan and evaluation? The aim of social work is to protect individuals from harm, and to empower them and improve their lives. Social workers form a human link between the many programs employed to serve the public good and those who are in need. They form the ‘eyes and ears’ of public efforts to combat social ills, so to speak, and they are the practical human element of common sense in their application. It is in this role where new ideas are created and innovative solutions are identified, where existing practices are judged for effectiveness, and, most importantly, where the faceless bureaucracy of government takes human form. In order to accomplish this a critical process of assessment, planning, and evaluation has evolved in the field of social work which allows social workers to effectively achieve their goals. Moreover, it is has found a wide range of applications, from the student-supervisor relationship to practitioners in the field. The process of assessment is aimed first at identifying problems or ‘taking stock’ of a particular situation. Identifying the problems in a situation provides the fundamental raison d’à ªtre for the development and employment of a solution. Past identifying whether there is actually a problem (which is often suspected or reasonably understood before an assessment is undertaken), social work assessment has more to do with determining the particular nature of the problem and its degree. Understanding what kind of problem is being faced, and just how bad it really is, is key to forming a coherent plan to affect a real solution. This requires strong observation and critical analysis skills on the part of the social worker, but it also requires an intimate and experiential knowledge of the field in which the assessment is being undertaken. Once the nature and degree of a problem is understood, different options may emerge each as a possible solution. Each possible solution will have its own strengths and weaknesses, its own advantages and drawbacks. And while the process of assessment may be viewed as excessively tedious at times, it is critical to never underestimate its importance. A study on the need for an assessment model in primary medical care facilities for the elderly noted that: â€Å"When psychosocial needs go unmet through misdiagnosis, lack of detection, lack of treatment and follow up, elderly patients are at risk of further health problems that can lead to physical deterioration, reduced independence, and eventually to the need for more intensive and expensive services. â€Å" (Berkman et al., 1999) The failure of proper assessment not only prevents positive solutions, but also results in negative impacts. Assessment forms a critical foundation for the effectiveness of all other social work efforts. As such, the identification of different solutions requires policy knowhow and creativity on the part of the social worker. Meeting the demands of this important aspect of assessment, in conjunction with the skills of problem identification and critical analysis, will ensure sound and proper assessments which enable the identification of proper solutions. Assessment is a critical component at the basis of all kinds of social work, from medical care and patient treatment to domestic violence and child poverty. All outcomes depend upon an assessment model built upon sound observation and critical analysis combined with creative and informed policy thought. Solid assessment will provide the social worker with a range of options for addressing a particular problem. The selection of an appropriate solution involves properly understanding the nature of the problem, as well as the various impacts of each option at different levels. The skills required to identify the right solution to a problem involve more than simple program literacy or policy analysis. They involve the fundamental ability to not only understand policies, but to weigh them concurrently against previously identified goals. Because many factors involved in determining the impacts of a possible solution are subjective (i.e. individuals, public and private groups, changing laws etc), achieving this is not a matter of simple analysis but of an intuitive understanding of these subjective factors. Too often, someone unfamiliar with, or removed from, these subjective variables enacts a calculated decision based upon what is understood to be sound analysis. The history of social work is filled with this kind of serial miscalculation. Take, for example, a 2005 study on battered women. It found that: â€Å"Safety planning will be most effective if it occurs within a contextualized assessmentprocess that illuminates the deeper struggles and multiple harms that women balance when making decisions about continuing or ending relationships.† (Lindhorst et al., 2005) While a â€Å"contextualized assessment process† is the main focus of the essay, it is the effectiveness of the plan or policy that is identified as the major issue affected by its absence. Assuming the burdens of sound assessment are properly met elsewhere, the ‘contextualization of the process’, or the root of its understanding in the subjective variables which specifically define it, will determine its success. Real planning and policy implementation in response to sound assessment must always be rooted in the day to day reality of the issue it is dealing with. Too much abstraction or beaurocratization of this process distances it from reality, and only serves the employment of solutions which leave critical needs and major goals unmet. Ensuring that this understanding is present, along with the required critical analysis skills and policy knowledge on the part of the social worker, will ensure the right person is making these decisions. A bad decision based upon the best assessment is still an unacceptable outcome. It is never evident, however, that the right plan or policy was chosen or the right assessment undertaken without some kind of evaluation. Success and failure is seldom absolute. More often it exists in degrees. And while success may be met in a number of respects, it may be absent in a number of others. The process of evaluation is designed to measure these degrees. The changes that have taken place since a particular plan or policy was implemented are a major indicator of their effectiveness. Too often, however, not enough attention is paid to whether or not these changes are actually the result of the plans or policies in question. It is the process of evaluation’s primary task to determine the facts of policy impacts and exactly what policies are responsible for certain changes. Furthermore, the process of evaluation is usually synonymous with some kind of accountability. When looking at programs from a financial point of view, this accountability is welcome. Indeed, it is rightly viewed as necessary to their responsible administration. This evaluation is, to a large degree, black and white. Either the numbers add up or they don’t. Either an idea has fundamentally succeeded or it has failed, or else it needs some tweaking. From a personnel perspective, however, â€Å"the words ‘accountability,’ ‘supervision’ and ‘evaluation’ are frightening. They imply having ones feet held to the fire for failure. These processes exist in a paradigm of fear and dread. Educators blame others and blame the circumstances for their lack of effectiveness rather than taking personal responsibility. This phenomenon in human dynamics should not be seen as unique to teachers and administrators in education. It exists everywhere. We all have a tough time taking and giving criticism. We all have that very common fear of failure.† (Mcgrath, 2000) The human dynamic is here identified as a force resistant to the very kind of accountability the process of evaluation is meant to bring about. The study, â€Å"The Human Dynamics of Personnel Evaluation† (Mcgrath, 2000) talks about the judgmental nature and pressure of accountability which needs to be taken into account in the evaluation process. The evaluation process is often viewed as a simple matter of calculation, or arithmetic. We had the goals the reasoning goes, we had the assessment and the plan, and we had what happened – just add it all up. But it’s just not that simple. The human dynamic is woven between virtually every fibre in the assessment and policy process. Viewing accountability through a fiscal lens, or a purely factual lens of objective causes and effects, miscalculates one of the largest and most influential factors in determining the usefulness of social work evaluation: people. Making the evaluation process effective must involve, as with the two other processes discussed in this essay, more than just analysis. It must involve a psychology of responsibility that individuals are confronted with in the process at all levels. It must involve a confrontation of the fear of failure present in the heart of every sincere effort. Perhaps the great compassion which drives the field of social work forward, demanding the investment of nothing less than life itself from thousands of people, is also its greatest weakness. I believe, however, that it is the unawareness of this vulnerability which makes it a liability – nothing the fullness of character and a mature temperament cannot address. Bibliography Berkman et al. (1999) â€Å"Standardized Screening of Elderly Patients’ Needs for Social Work Assessment in Primary Care: Use of the SF-36† Health and Social Work. Vol. 24 Boutin-Foster et al. (2005) â€Å"Social Work Admission Assessment Tool for Identifying Patients in Need of Comprehensive Social Work Evaluation† Health and Social Work. Vol. 30 Burgess, H., Taylor, O., (2004) Effective Learning and Teaching in Social Policy and Social Work. London: RoutledgeFalmer Garcia, J., Floyd, C., (2002) â€Å"Addressing Evaluative Standards Related to Program Assessment: How Do We Respond?† Journal of Social Work Education. Vol. 38 Ginsburg, E., (1990) Effective Interventions: Applying Learning Theory to School Social Work. New York: Greenwood Press Gitterman, A., (2001) Handbook of Social Work Practice with Vulnerable and Resilient Populations. New York: Columbia University Press Lindhorst et al. (2005) â€Å"Contextualized Assessmennt of Battered Women: Strategic Safety Planning to Cope with Multiple Harms† Journal of Social Work Education. Vol. 41 Mcgrath, M., (2000) â€Å"The Human Dynamics of Personnel Evaluation† School Administrator. Vol. 57 Pardeck, J., (2002) Family Health Social Work Practice. London: Auburn House Siebert, D., Siebert, C., Spaulding-Givens, J., (2006) â€Å"Teaching Social Work Skills Primarily Online: An Evaluation† Journal of Social Work Education. Vol. 42

The Anchorperson and Bad News Essay -- TV Television Media Essays

The Anchorperson and Bad News Government policy and public opinion work on a two way street. Opinion reacts to policy; in turn, opinion shapes policy. Broadcast media speeds this game of table tennis to an even more personal and democratized level, often bypassing several filters as the information television provides streams into our living rooms. Print media lags and becomes increasingly visual - the bright colors and pictures of USA Today contrast the stark factual spreads of the Wall Street Journal. Television becomes an emotionally charged and urgent medium when the viewers can hear voice intonation and see facial features accompanying by the minute at the scene events. The figures at the fore of these transmissions are the television newscasters, familiar names such as Jennings, Brokaw and Rather, persons who have held the public's trust for two, perhaps three generations of viewers. I hope to explain the connection I see between television technology, public opinion, and foreign policy. I believe that technological factors such as television have disseminated more power to the masses in terms of the ability to receive information, but also has given power to those who relay it, namely anchor persons. I also take into account the role of the media in times of crisis, which is commonly to simply relay government information and policy instead of being a watchdog of it. Briefly summarizing author Bethami Dobkin, in terms of terrorism, television media reinforces government frameworks and rhetoric, and conveys them in a fast, but at the same time intensely personal way. The results increased popularity rating for Presidents. "The public has rewarded those presidents who have taken action and have seized center stage... ...rmation is national security. Obviously, journalists should not endanger lives to publish where the Navy SEALS will be landing. Television technology and its representatives do play a crucial role in this recent terrorist event. In one sense, we are more informed about happenings, but we are forced to see it through an unchallenged framework; one that prescribes drastic actions that many people are reticent to fully commit to before further exploration is done. Simultaneously, many people are prepared to take action after seeing the immediacy and size of the matter firsthand on television. Works Cited O'Neill, Michael J. Terrorist Spectaculars: Should TV Coverage Be Curbed? New York: Prirority Press Publications, 1986. Dobkin, Bethami A. Tales of Terror: Television News and the Construction of the Terrorist Threat. New York: Praegar Publishers, 1992.

Freezing Out Profits

Freezing out profits Synopsis Freezing out profits is an article that discussing on one company which is Cold Cuts Ltd (CC). The managing director for this company is Mr. Dali. It produces Singapore’s only refrigeration parts and specializing in it. He is the one that is responsible for all the decision making that need to be done in the company. CC was essentially a subcontractor of components for customers who were original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). This company not only faced competition from supplier that supply same product, but it was also on whether the customer should manufacture in-house on their own.The company developed its own product of refrigeration process technology known as Fuzzy Frost. Their product of Fuzzy Frost was exported worldwide. Two years ago, the company had a major development related to their product. They upgrade Fuzzy Frost to become Fuzzy Frost Alpha System which will enhance features in the refrigerator. One of the enhancements is, it wi ll enable perishable items to be stored far longer than conventional fridges. At the same time on the FFA product discover, the company open its second factory in China which product old Fuzzy Frost.CC had main customer in Singapore which known as Secconz which is a local customer and long-time partner. The Supplier Manager of Secconz is Mr. Nelly where in China; the Plant Manager is Mr. Rithisak. The company export their product worldwide include Europe country. There are two major problems that were faced by the company. Firstly, the problem is in term of the pricing in Singapore, with their long-time partner, Secconz. Secondly, it is the investigation on their export activities by United States International Trade Commission on their products in China.Decision Maker / Protagonist The decision maker or protagonist for this case on ‘Freezing out profit’ is Mr. Dali. He is the one that is responsible for the decision making done in the company. This is because; he is ma naging director for Cold Cuts Ltd. He will decide what to be done and what to not be done. Based on this case study, he needs to make big decision making. Firstly is related to their major customer in Singapore, Secconz. Secondly is related to their company in China related to the anti-dumping things.Problem faced by the decision maker / protagonist. The problem faced by the decision maker or protagonist in this case is related to the pricing of the products that were sold whether in Singapore or in China. Mr. Dali need to decide whether to reduce the premium price charged to Secconz or proceed taking the huge amount of profit because they already achieve payback on its investment in the new machinery within two years. He is also faced problem related to the anti-dumping law in China. Major Issue The major issues in this case study is between Cold Cuts Ltd. nd Secconz. Secconz is their major customer in Singapore. Secconz has requesting for the price reduction of FFA product. This i s because; CC still charged the same price after 2 years even though the investment in the new machinery on FFA component has already been recover. Despite of better quality FFA components and not burden by any overhead costs, Secconz still experience the huge margin from the sales price impose to them compared to sales price in Europe and USA. The supply manager from Secconz, Mr. Nelly asked for price reduction.He said that company may produce the technology by themselves if Mr. Dali did not want to reduce the price of FFA. Second major issues are related to the anti-dumping activities by China related to their product that produces over there. It was said that CC pricing products much lower than the fair value. It leads to the investigation made by the United States International Trade Commission whether to find CC was guilty or not. The effects are they might have to close down their business in China or levy with huge anti-dumping tax.

Letters of Recommendation for Medical School

Letters of recommendation are a very important and essential requirement of your medical school applications. A strong letter may make the difference between moving to the next stage in the process and getting an impersonal rejection. The letters help attest to who you are, your skills and personal characteristics, and the unique qualities you have that make you a well-prepared candidate for medical school. Read more to discover relevant information and answers to frequently asked questions about obtaining strong letters of recommendation for medical school.   How Many Letters of Recommendation Are Required? The number of letters of recommendation required depends on the medical school. Typically, schools ask for two to three letters of recommendation. Of these, two come from science professors and one from a professor outside of biology, chemistry, math, and physics. However, you are able to add up to 10 letter entries to the AMCAS application, then assign which ones go to particular schools. Types of Recommendation Letters The AMCAS application has three types of letter entries: the committee letter, the letter packet, and an individual letter. Do your research before requesting and assigning letter entries. Some schools may be interested in a particular type of letter. Committee Letter A committee letter, also called a composite letter, is a letter of recommendation written by a pre-health committee, which includes a pre-med advisor and a few other faculty members. It evaluates your accomplishments, challenges you have endured over the course of your education, and your drive and preparedness for a career in medicine. If a committee letter is an option for you, it is highly advised that you do request one.   Many pre-health programs that offer committee letters require the applicant to meet certain criteria before they can obtain the letter. Some of these requirements can include completion of specific courses, self-reflection essays, interviews, and service hours. It is important to start the process early and make a note of all deadlines.   The committee letter process may also be a helpful tool in your preparation for the medical school application and subsequent interviews. The committee takes into account your academics, your interest in medicine, and extracurricular activities that prepare you for medical school, like volunteer work or shadowing experiences. You will need to prepare to articulate your experiences and answer any questions relating to these prior to your medical school interviews. Letter Packet A letter packet is a set of multiple letters of recommendation typically sent by the career center. It includes a cover letter from the pre-health committee but does not include a committee letter or evaluation. Although there are multiple letters, the letter packet counts as one entry on the AMCAS application. Who Should Write My Letters of Recommendation? Choosing the right person for a letter of recommendation can be challenging. Consider the science professor who recognized your hard work and growth in their class, the physician you shadowed and built a good rapport with, or the non-science professor who saw your engagement in understanding and applying information from their course. These would all be great choices.   If it is an option, consider asking a pre-health advisor or pre-health committee to write a recommendation.   The purpose of the letter of recommendation is to provide a personal perspective, outline the narrative of your educational journey, and endorse your unique qualifications as a medical school candidate. It should help fill in any gaps to your story and soften any weaknesses or missteps. It should attest to your personality, your tenacity in withstanding academic rigor, and other qualities that make you a great candidate for medical school. Make sure your recommenders are well-versed in your story, and outlining your achievements can help their composition. When Should I Ask for a Letter of Recommendation? It is best to ask for a letter of recommendation about two to three months prior to the deadline for your AMCAS application. It is possible to submit the AMCAS application without having all your letters submitted. Be sure to note and meet the deadlines of the specific medical schools you are applying to and don’t let a missed letter deadline sink your application.   Asking for a letter of recommendation too far in advance might make it difficult for the recommender to remember. Asking too late may not give enough time for the recommender to write a quality letter. Additionally, if a recommender is unable to provide a letter, two to three months out still gives you enough time to ask someone else to provide one.   Give a firm deadline to receive the letter, perhaps two weeks after your request. Feel free to politely check-in with your recommender if you are noticing a delay in receiving the letter.   How Do I Ask for a Letter of Recommendation?   The process to ask for a letter of recommendation will depend on the type of letter. For a committee letter, you will likely need to follow a specified process, which may include interviews and meeting course requirements, before you are eligible for the evaluation letter. For individual letters of recommendation, you might ask in person, send an email, call, or even mail a cover letter and packet of information. If it has been a while since you last saw your recommender or were in his class, start with personal greetings and then briefly tell them what you have been up to and the reason for the request. Specifically note the deadline and if the letter is designated for a specific medical school you are applying to. If they express a willingness, ask if they need any source materials—such as a resume or curriculum vitae—and give them guidance as to the proposed length and format of the letter.   Once the letter is written and received, follow up with a thank you note. How Do I Submit My Letters of Recommendation?   You won’t be responsible for submitting the letters yourself. However, on the AMCAS application, you submit a letter entry for each letter you requested and include the contact information for the recommender. During submission, consider waiving your right to see the letter. This will give the medical school application committee confidence that the letter is written honestly.  Ã‚   Letters are either mailed in to the AAMC or submitted electronically. If your recommender plans on mailing the letter, they will need to include a Letter Request Form, which you can download and send to them ahead of time. This form allows the AAMC to connect your AAMC ID to the letter. Similarly, if your letter is submitted electronically, make sure the recommender has your AAMC ID and the Letter ID number.   You can check in periodically to ensure your letters are matched.  Once a letter is submitted and matched, the AAMC will send it over to the assigned receiving school.   Qualities of a Good Letter of Recommendation Remember that a good letter of recommendation starts before you ask. Any professor could be a potential letter writer. Think critically about who you ask. Consider these reflections on your relationship: How is your rapport?Do they know you and your story?Can they attest to your story?   Not only is a good letter of recommendation reliant on the letter writer, it also depends heavily on you. You need to give the recommender good content. If you are preparing to ask for a letter of recommendation, you already know that in preparation for medical school, it is important to involve yourself in activities that teach you about serving others, challenge your knowledge, and give you a glimpse into the career of a physician. These activities give the recommender some context into your preparedness for medical school, while giving you the experiences you will reflect on as you continue your journey into medicine.   Sources AAMC. Advisor Corner: Preparing for Committee Letter Process.  AAMC. (2019). 2020 AMCAS ® Applicant Guide [PDF File].